Odayi be-sulfide bawuhlobo lodayi abaqukethe isibabule onokwakheka kwamangqamuzana ayinkimbinkimbi. Ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngamanye ama-amine anephunga elimnandi, ama-aminophenol nezinye izinhlanganisela eziphilayo ezishiswe ngesulfure noma i-sodium polysulfide, okungukuthi, i-vulcanized.
Odayi be-sulfide ngokuvamile abancibiliki emanzini, futhi lapho bedaywa, badinga ukuncibilika kusixazululo sempushana yomshwalense we-sodium noma i-alkaline ukuze banciphe, bese befakwa i-oxidized ukuze kubonakale umbala ngemva kokumuncwa kwefayibha.
Uhlolojikelele odayi besulfure
Odayi abavulnisiwe bakhiqizelwa ukudaya i-cellulose fiber okokuqala kusukela ngo-1873, futhi inqubo yabo yokukhiqiza ilula, ngokuvamile eyenziwa ngama-amine anephunga elimnandi noma izinhlanganisela ze-phenolic ezixutshwe nesulfure noma i-sodium polysulfide futhi zishisiwe. Izindleko eziphansi, kulula ukuyisebenzisa, akukho ukulawula umdlavuza, ngokusheshisa okuhle kokuwasha kanye nokushesha kwelanga, udayi odumile. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi ikilasi likadayi elingancibiliki emanzini, lapho lidaywa, liyancipha libe usawoti oncibilikayo we-lemony sodium esixazululweni se-alkali sulfide, ngemva kokudaya i-fiber yomuntu, ngemva kokuba i-oxidation ibe yisimo esingancibiliki esimisiwe ku-fiber, ngakho-ke inqubo yokudaya eyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ngaphansi kwezimo eziqinile ze-alkaline ayikwazi ukusetshenziselwa uboya, usilika kanye neminye imicu yamaprotheni.
Ngakho-ke, odayi abavuvukalayo basetshenziswa kakhulu ekudayeni imicu ye-cellulose, ikakhulukazi ekudayeni imikhiqizo emnyama yezindwangu zikakotini, lapho imibala emibili yamadayi weSulfidi iwuhlobo lodayi abaqukethe isibabule onokwakheka kwamangqamuzana ayinkimbinkimbi. Ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngamanye ama-amine anephunga elimnandi, ama-aminophenol nezinye izinhlanganisela eziphilayo ezishiswe ngesulfure noma i-sodium polysulfide, okungukuthi, i-vulcanized.
Odayi be-sulfide ngokuvamile abancibiliki emanzini, futhi lapho bedaywa, badinga ukuncibilika kusixazululo sempushana yomshwalense we-sodium noma i-alkaline ukuze banciphe, bese befakwa i-oxidized ukuze kubonakale umbala ngemva kokumuncwa kwefayibha.
Uhlolojikelele odayi besulfure
Odayi abavulnisiwe bakhiqizelwa ukudaya i-cellulose fiber okokuqala kusukela ngo-1873, futhi inqubo yabo yokukhiqiza ilula, ngokuvamile eyenziwa ngama-amine anephunga elimnandi noma izinhlanganisela ze-phenolic ezixutshwe nesulfure noma i-sodium polysulfide futhi zishisiwe. Izindleko eziphansi, kulula ukuyisebenzisa, akukho ukulawula umdlavuza, ngokusheshisa okuhle kokuwasha kanye nokushesha kwelanga, udayi odumile. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi ikilasi likadayi elingancibiliki emanzini, lapho lidaywa, liyancipha libe usawoti oncibilikayo we-lemony sodium esixazululweni se-alkali sulfide, ngemva kokudaya i-fiber yomuntu, ngemva kokuba i-oxidation ibe yisimo esingancibiliki esimisiwe ku-fiber, ngakho-ke inqubo yokudaya eyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ngaphansi kwezimo eziqinile ze-alkaline ayikwazi ukusetshenziselwa uboya, usilika kanye neminye imicu yamaprotheni.
Ngakho-ke, odayi abavuvukele basetshenziswa kakhulu ekudayini imicu ye-cellulose, ikakhulukazi ekudayeni imikhiqizo emnyama yezindwangu zikakotini, okunemibala emininganaisibabule esimnyamafuthiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
isibabule onsundu ngokumnyama gd sulfur brown day
umbala obomvu wesibabule i-lgf ebomvu
isulfure ensundu 10 umbala onsundu ophuzi
sulphur yellow 2 powder yellow
i-sulfur bordeaux 3b impushana ebomvu yesibabule
yizona ezisetshenziswa kakhulu.
Okwesibili, indlela yokudaya kadayi we-sulfide
Udayi we-sulfide uyancishiswa bese uncibilika ube yisixazululo sikadayi, kanti udayi we-leucochroma owenziwe ukhangiswa imicu ye-cellulose futhi ulashwe nge-oxidation yomoya ukwenza imicu ye-cellulose ibonise umbala ofunekayo. I-chemical reaction formula yayo
I-DS-SO3Na + Na2S→D-SNa + Na2S2O3
Umzali wedayi ye-sulfide akanakuhambisana nefayibha, futhi ukwakheka kwawo kuqukethe amabhondi esibabule (1 S 1), amabhondi e-disulfide (1 s - S) noma amabhondi e-polysulfide (1 Sx 1), ancishiselwa eqenjini le-hydrogen sulfide (1 SNa) ngaphansi kwesenzo se-sodium sulfide reduction agents, futhi ibe usawoti we-leucochromic sodium oncibilika emanzini. Isizathu esenza ama-leucochrome abe nokuhlobana okuhle kwemicu ye-cellulose ukuthi ama-molecule odayi makhudlwana, wona akhiqiza amandla amakhudlwana e-van der Waals namandla okuhlanganiswa kwe-hydrogen phakathi kwemicu.
Iii. Ukuhlukaniswa kodayi besulfure
Odayi be-sulfide bangahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezine:
1, udayi we-powder sulfide
Ifomula evamile yesakhiwo sikadayi: I-DSSD, ngokuvamile idinga ukusebenzisa ukubilisa kwe-sodium sulfide, encibilike ngemva kokufakwa.
2, odayi be-hydrolytic sulfide
Ifomula evamile yesakhiwo sikadayi: D-SSO3Na, lolu hlobo lukadayi lwenziwe nge-sodium sulfite noma ukwelashwa kwe-sodium bisulfite kodayi bendabuko be-sulfide, odayi baqukethe amaqembu ancibilikayo emanzini, ancibilika emanzini, kodwa udayi awunawo ama-ejenti okunciphisa, akukho ukuhambisana. kumafayibha, indlela yokudaya yephedi yokumiswa ngokuvamile eyamukelwa endwangu.
3, udayi we-sulfide owuketshezi
Ifomula evamile yesakhiwo sikadayi ithi: I-D-SNa, equkethe inani elithile le-ejenti yokunciphisa, udayi wehliswa kusengaphambili ku-leptochroma encibilikayo.
Ngaphambi kuka-1936, udayi ovunuliwe wawusesimweni sempushana njengendlela yawo yokuhweba. Uma isetshenziswa, udayi oyimpushana ovuniwe wawushisiswe ngokuhlanganyela ukuze ubilise nesisombululo esinamanzi sesoda esishisiwe sokuwuncibilikisa. Ngo-1936, u-John Le Clester wase-United States wenza ikhambi le-concentrated likadayi we-sulfide elincishisiwe, elincishisiwe ngaphambili, futhi wathola ilungelo lobunikazi, manje elaziwa ngokuthi udayi we-sulfide owuketshezi.
4, udayi we-sulfide ovumelana nemvelo
Enqubweni yokukhiqiza, ihlungiwe ibe yizintambo zodayi, kodwa okuqukethwe kwesulfure kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-polysulfide kuphansi kakhulu kunamadayi ajwayelekile e-sulfide. Udayi unokuhlanzeka okuphezulu, idigri yokunciphisa ezinzile kanye nokungena kahle. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-agent yokunciphisa kanambambili ye-glucose kanye ne-powder yomshuwalense isetshenziselwa ukugeza okudayi, okungakwazi ukunciphisa udayi we-sulfide kuphela kodwa futhi ibambe iqhaza ekuvikelweni kwemvelo.
Okwesine, inqubo yokudaya odayi be-sulfide
Inqubo yokudaya ye-vulcanization ingahlukaniswa ngezinyathelo ezine ezilandelayo:
1. Ukuncishiswa kodayi
Kulula kakhulu ukunciphisa nokuncibilikisa odayi be-sulfide, futhi i-sodium sulfide ivame ukusetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokunciphisa, esebenza njenge-alkali ejenti. Ukuze uvimbele i-leucophore ekubeni i-hydrolyzed, izinto ezifana nesoda ash zingangezwa ngokufanelekile, kodwa i-alkaline yokugeza yokunciphisa ayikwazi ukuba namandla kakhulu, ngaphandle kwalokho izinga lokunciphisa udayi lizohamba kancane.
2, udayi osesisombululo sikadayi ukhangiswa yi-fiber
I-leucophore yodayi we-sulfide ikhona ku-anion state kusisombululo sikadayi, inezici eziqondile ku-cellulose fiber, ingakhangiswa endaweni ye-fiber bese isakazwa ngaphakathi kwefayibha. Impahla eqondile yamadayi e-sulfure kuma-cellulose fibers iphansi, ngokuvamile isebenzisa isilinganiso esincane sokugeza, kuyilapho ingeza ama-electrolyte afanelekile, ekushiseni okuphezulu kungathuthukisa izinga lokudaya, izinga kanye nokungena kwamanzi.
3, ukwelashwa nge-oxidation
Ngemva kokudaya ku-fiber, idayi yesulfure i-leuco kufanele ifakwe i-oxidized ukuze ibonise umbala ofunekayo. I-oxidation iyisinyathelo esibalulekile ngemva kokudaywa kodayi abavuvukele. Udayi ovuthwe kalula kalula ungafakwa oksijini emoyeni ngemva kokudaywa ngokuwashwa nangokungena komoya, okungukuthi, indlela yokukhipha umoya; Kwamanye amadayi e-sulfide okungelula ukuwafaka i-oxidize, ama-oxidizing agents asetshenziselwa ukukhuthaza i-oxidation.
4. Ngemuva kokucubungula
Ukwelashwa kwangemva kokwelashwa kuhlanganisa ukuhlanza, ukugcoba, ukunqanda ukuvuthwa kanye nokulungisa umbala. Odayi besulfure kufanele bagezwe ngokugcwele ngemva kokudayilwa ukuze kuncishiswe isibabule esisele endwangu futhi kuvimbele ukubola kwendwangu, ngoba isibabule esidayini nesibabule esikwi-alkali sulfide kulula ukusikhipha emoyeni ukuze kukhiqizwe i-sulfuric acid, ezodala i-asidi. i-hydrolysis ye-cellulose fiber futhi inciphise amandla e-fiber brittleness. Ngakho-ke, ingelashwa ngama-anti-brittleness ukulahlekelwa ama-agent, afana ne-urea, i-trisodium phosphate, i-bone glue, i-acetate ye-sodium, njll Ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-solarization kanye nokusheshisa kwensipho yamadayi aphethwe yi-vulcanized, umbala ungalungiswa ngemva kokudaya. Kunezindlela ezimbili zokwelapha ukulungisa umbala: ukwelashwa kukasawoti wensimbi (okufana: i-potassium dichromate, i-copper sulfate, i-acetate yethusi kanye nengxube yalawa sawoti) kanye nokwelashwa kwe-ejenti yokulungisa umbala we-cationic.
black and vulcanized blue yizona ezisetshenziswa kakhulu.
Okwesibili, indlela yokudaya kadayi we-sulfide
Udayi we-sulfide uyancishiswa bese uncibilika ube yisixazululo sikadayi, kanti udayi we-leucochroma owenziwe ukhangiswa imicu ye-cellulose futhi ulashwe nge-oxidation yomoya ukwenza imicu ye-cellulose ibonise umbala ofunekayo. I-chemical reaction formula yayo
I-DS-SO3Na + Na2S→D-SNa + Na2S2O3
Umzali wedayi ye-sulfide akanakuhambisana nefayibha, futhi ukwakheka kwawo kuqukethe amabhondi esibabule (1 S 1), amabhondi e-disulfide (1 s - S) noma amabhondi e-polysulfide (1 Sx 1), ancishiselwa eqenjini le-hydrogen sulfide (1 SNa) ngaphansi kwesenzo se-sodium sulfide reduction agents, futhi ibe usawoti we-leucochromic sodium oncibilika emanzini. Isizathu esenza ama-leucochrome abe nokuhlobana okuhle kwemicu ye-cellulose ukuthi ama-molecule odayi makhudlwana, wona akhiqiza amandla amakhudlwana e-van der Waals namandla okuhlanganiswa kwe-hydrogen phakathi kwemicu.
Iii. Ukuhlukaniswa kodayi besulfure
Odayi be-sulfide bangahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezine:
1, udayi we-powder sulfide
Ifomula evamile yesakhiwo sikadayi: I-DSSD, ngokuvamile idinga ukusebenzisa ukubilisa kwe-sodium sulfide, encibilike ngemva kokufakwa.
2, odayi be-hydrolytic sulfide
Ifomula evamile yesakhiwo sikadayi: D-SSO3Na, lolu hlobo lukadayi lwenziwe nge-sodium sulfite noma ukwelashwa kwe-sodium bisulfite kodayi bendabuko be-sulfide, odayi baqukethe amaqembu ancibilikayo emanzini, ancibilika emanzini, kodwa udayi awunawo ama-ejenti okunciphisa, akukho ukuhambisana. emiculweni, indlela yokudaya ye-suspension pad esetshenziswa endwangu.3, udayi we-sulfide owuketshezi
Ifomula evamile yesakhiwo sikadayi ithi: I-D-SNa, equkethe inani elithile le-ejenti yokunciphisa, udayi wehliswa kusengaphambili ku-leptochroma encibilikayo.
Ngaphambi kuka-1936, udayi ovunuliwe wawusesimweni sempushana njengendlela yawo yokuhweba. Uma isetshenziswa, udayi oyimpushana ovuniwe wawushisiswe ngokuhlanganyela ukuze ubilise nesisombululo esinamanzi sesoda esishisiwe sokuwuncibilikisa. Ngo-1936, u-John Le Clester wase-United States wenza ikhambi le-concentrated likadayi we-sulfide elincishisiwe, elincishisiwe ngaphambili, futhi wathola ilungelo lobunikazi, manje elaziwa ngokuthi udayi we-sulfide owuketshezi.
4, udayi we-sulfide ovumelana nemvelo
Enqubweni yokukhiqiza, ihlungiwe ibe yizintambo zodayi, kodwa okuqukethwe kwesulfure kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-polysulfide kuphansi kakhulu kunamadayi ajwayelekile e-sulfide. Udayi unokuhlanzeka okuphezulu, idigri yokunciphisa ezinzile kanye nokungena kahle. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-agent yokunciphisa kanambambili ye-glucose kanye ne-powder yomshuwalense isetshenziselwa ukugeza okudayi, okungakwazi ukunciphisa udayi we-sulfide kuphela kodwa futhi ibambe iqhaza ekuvikelweni kwemvelo.
Okwesine, inqubo yokudaya odayi be-sulfide
Inqubo yokudaya ye-vulcanization ingahlukaniswa ngezinyathelo ezine ezilandelayo:
1. Ukuncishiswa kodayi
Kulula kakhulu ukunciphisa nokuncibilikisa odayi be-sulfide, futhi i-sodium sulfide ivame ukusetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokunciphisa, esebenza njenge-alkali ejenti. Ukuze uvimbele i-leucophore ekubeni i-hydrolyzed, izinto ezifana nesoda ash zingangezwa ngokufanelekile, kodwa i-alkaline yokugeza yokunciphisa ayikwazi ukuba namandla kakhulu, ngaphandle kwalokho izinga lokunciphisa udayi lizohamba kancane.
2, udayi osesisombululo sikadayi ukhangiswa yi-fiber
I-leucophore yodayi we-sulfide ikhona ku-anion state kusisombululo sikadayi, inezici eziqondile ku-cellulose fiber, ingakhangiswa endaweni ye-fiber bese isakazwa ngaphakathi kwefayibha. Impahla eqondile yamadayi e-sulfure kuma-cellulose fibers iphansi, ngokuvamile isebenzisa isilinganiso esincane sokugeza, kuyilapho ingeza ama-electrolyte afanelekile, ekushiseni okuphezulu kungathuthukisa izinga lokudaya, izinga kanye nokungena kwamanzi.
3, ukwelashwa nge-oxidation
Ngemva kokudaya ku-fiber, idayi yesulfure i-leuco kufanele ifakwe i-oxidized ukuze ibonise umbala ofunekayo. I-oxidation iyisinyathelo esibalulekile ngemva kokudaywa kodayi abavuvukele. Udayi ovuthwe kalula kalula ungafakwa oksijini emoyeni ngemva kokudaywa ngokuwashwa nangokungena komoya, okungukuthi, indlela yokukhipha umoya; Kwamanye amadayi e-sulfide okungelula ukuwafaka i-oxidize, ama-oxidizing agents asetshenziselwa ukukhuthaza i-oxidation.
4. Ngemuva kokucubungula
Ukwelashwa kwangemva kokwelashwa kuhlanganisa ukuhlanza, ukugcoba, ukunqanda ukuvuthwa kanye nokulungisa umbala. Odayi besulfure kufanele bagezwe ngokugcwele ngemva kokudayilwa ukuze kuncishiswe isibabule esisele endwangu futhi kuvimbele ukubola kwendwangu, ngoba isibabule esidayini nesibabule esikwi-alkali sulfide kulula ukusikhipha emoyeni ukuze kukhiqizwe i-sulfuric acid, ezodala i-asidi. i-hydrolysis ye-cellulose fiber futhi inciphise amandla e-fiber brittleness. Ngakho-ke, ingelashwa ngama-anti-brittleness ukulahlekelwa ama-agent, afana ne-urea, i-trisodium phosphate, i-bone glue, i-acetate ye-sodium, njll Ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-solarization kanye nokusheshisa kwensipho yamadayi aphethwe yi-vulcanized, umbala ungalungiswa ngemva kokudaya. Kunezindlela ezimbili zokwelapha ukulungisa umbala: ukwelashwa kukasawoti wensimbi (okufana: i-potassium dichromate, i-copper sulfate, i-acetate yethusi kanye nengxube yalawa sawoti) kanye nokwelashwa kwe-ejenti yokulungisa umbala we-cationic.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-19-2023