Amadayi e-sulfide awuhlobo lwamadayi aqukethe i-sulfur anesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi sama-molecule. Ngokuvamile enziwa ngama-aromatic amine athile, ama-aminophenols kanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezishiswa yi-sulfur noma i-sodium polysulfide, okungukuthi, i-vulcanized.
Amadayi e-sulfide awancibiliki emanzini, futhi uma edayiswa, kudingeka ancibilikiswe ku-sodium sulfide noma isixazululo se-alkaline insurance powder ukuze ancishiswe abe yizicucu, bese exutshwa ukuze abonise umbala ngemva kokumuncwa kwefayibha.
Ukubuka konke kwamadayi esibabule
Amadayi e-Vulcanized akhiqizwe ukudaya i-cellulose fiber okokuqala ngqa kusukela ngo-1873, futhi inqubo yawo yokukhiqiza ilula kakhulu, ngokuvamile yenziwe ngama-aromatic amine noma ama-phenolic compounds axutshwe ne-sulfur noma i-sodium polysulfide futhi ashiswe. Izindleko eziphansi, kulula ukuyisebenzisa, akukho ukulawula umdlavuza, kanye nokushesha okuhle kokuwasha kanye nokuqina kwelanga, kuyidayi ethandwayo. Kodwa-ke, ngoba iyiklasi lamadayi angancibiliki emanzini, lapho edaya, ancishiswa abe usawoti we-sodium oncibilikayo kusisombululo se-alkali sulfide, ngemva kokudaya i-fiber yomuntu, ngemva kokushiswa kwe-oxidation ukuze abe yisimo sokungancibiliki esigxilile ku-fiber, ngakho-ke inqubo yokudaya iyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezinamandla ze-alkaline ayikwazi ukusetshenziselwa uboya, usilika kanye nezinye izintambo zamaprotheni.
Ngakho-ke, amadayi ahlanganisiwe asetshenziswa kakhulu ekudayini imicu ye-cellulose, ikakhulukazi ekudayini imikhiqizo emnyama yezindwangu zikakotini, lapho imibala emibili yamadayi e-Sulfide iwuhlobo lwamadayi aqukethe i-sulfur anesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi sama-molecule. Ngokuvamile yenziwe ngama-aromatic amine athile, ama-aminophenols kanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezishiswa yi-sulfur noma i-sodium polysulfide, okungukuthi, ehlanganisiwe.
Amadayi e-sulfide awancibiliki emanzini, futhi uma edayiswa, kudingeka ancibilikiswe ku-sodium sulfide noma isixazululo se-alkaline insurance powder ukuze ancishiswe abe yizicucu, bese exutshwa ukuze abonise umbala ngemva kokumuncwa kwefayibha.
Ukubuka konke kwamadayi esibabule
Amadayi e-Vulcanized akhiqizwe ukudaya i-cellulose fiber okokuqala ngqa kusukela ngo-1873, futhi inqubo yawo yokukhiqiza ilula kakhulu, ngokuvamile yenziwe ngama-aromatic amine noma ama-phenolic compounds axutshwe ne-sulfur noma i-sodium polysulfide futhi ashiswe. Izindleko eziphansi, kulula ukuyisebenzisa, akukho ukulawula umdlavuza, kanye nokushesha okuhle kokuwasha kanye nokuqina kwelanga, kuyidayi ethandwayo. Kodwa-ke, ngoba iyiklasi lamadayi angancibiliki emanzini, lapho edaya, ancishiswa abe usawoti we-sodium oncibilikayo kusisombululo se-alkali sulfide, ngemva kokudaya i-fiber yomuntu, ngemva kokushiswa kwe-oxidation ukuze abe yisimo sokungancibiliki esigxilile ku-fiber, ngakho-ke inqubo yokudaya iyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezinamandla ze-alkaline ayikwazi ukusetshenziselwa uboya, usilika kanye nezinye izintambo zamaprotheni.
Ngakho-ke, amadayi ahlanganisiwe asetshenziswa kakhulu ekudayiseni imicu ye-cellulose, ikakhulukazi ekudayiseni imikhiqizo emnyama yezindwangu zikakotini, lapho imibala eminingana yayo isetshenziswa khona.i-sulfur emnyamafuthiokwesibhakabhaka esibabule
idayi ensundu emnyama ye-gd sulphur ensundu
umbala obomvu wesibabule lgf obomvu
umbala onsundu onsundu ophuzi ongu-10
i-sulphur ephuzi engu-2 impuphu ephuzi
i-sulphur bordeaux 3b impuphu ebomvu ye-sulphur
yizona ezisetshenziswa kakhulu.
Okwesibili, indlela yokudaya yamadayi e-sulfide
Idayi ye-sulfide iyancishiswa bese incibilikiswa ibe yisisombululo sedayi, bese idayi i-leucochroma eyakhiwe imuncwa yizintambo ze-cellulose futhi iphathwe nge-oxidation yomoya ukuze izintambo ze-cellulose zibonise umbala owufunayo. Ifomula yayo yokusabela kwamakhemikhali iyi
I-DS-SO3Na + Na2S→D-SNa + Na2S2O3
Umbala we-sulfide awunawo amandla okuhambisana nefayibha, futhi isakhiwo sawo siqukethe izibopho zesulfure (1 S 1), izibopho ze-disulfide (1 s — S) noma izibopho ze-polysulfide (1 Sx 1), ezincishiswa zibe yiqembu le-hydrogen sulfide (1 SNa) ngaphansi kwesenzo sezinto ezinciphisa i-sodium sulfide, futhi zibe usawoti we-sodium we-leucochromic oncibilikayo emanzini. Isizathu sokuthi ama-leucochromes abe namandla okuhambisana kahle nezintambo ze-cellulose ukuthi ama-molecule edayi makhulu, okukhiqiza amandla amakhulu e-van der Waals kanye namandla okuhlanganisa i-hydrogen phakathi kwezintambo.
Iii. Ukuhlukaniswa kwamadayi esibabule
Amadayi e-sulfide angahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezine:
1, udayi we-powder sulfide
Ifomula ejwayelekile yesakhiwo sedayi: DSSD, ngokuvamile kudingeka kusetshenziswe ukubilisa i-sodium sulfide, kuncibilikiswe ngemva kokusetshenziswa.
2, amadayi e-hydrolytic sulfide
Ifomula ejwayelekile yesakhiwo sedayi: D-SSO3Na, lolu hlobo lwedayi lwenziwe nge-sodium sulfite noma i-sodium bisulfite yokwelashwa kwamadayi e-sulfide yendabuko, amadayi aqukethe amaqembu ancibilika emanzini, ngakho-ke ancibilika emanzini, kodwa idayi ayinazo izinto zokunciphisa, ayinayo i-affinity yemicu, ngokuvamile isetshenziswa njengendlela yokudaya iphedi yokumiswa esetshenziswa endwangu.
3, udayi we-sulfide owuketshezi
Ifomula evamile yesakhiwo sedayi yile: D-SNa, equkethe inani elithile le-ejenti yokunciphisa, idayi incishiswa kusengaphambili ibe yi-leptochroma encibilikayo.
Ngaphambi kuka-1936, udayi oxutshwe ne-vulcanized wawusesimweni sempuphu njengohlobo lwawo lokuhweba. Lapho usetshenziswa, udayi oxutshwe ne-vulcanized wempuphu wawufudunyezwa ukuze ubiliswe ngesisombululo samanzi esixutshwe ne-vulcanized, i-soda aqueous ukuze uncibilike. Ngo-1936, uJohn Le Clester wase-United States wenza isisombululo esihlanganisiwe se-sulfide dye esihle nesizinzile, futhi wathola ilungelo lobunikazi, manje elaziwa ngokuthi udayi we-sulfide owuketshezi.
4, udayi we-sulfide onobungani nemvelo
Enqubweni yokukhiqiza, ihlungwa ibe yizicucu zodayi, kodwa okuqukethwe kwesulfure kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-polysulfide kuphansi kakhulu kunokwadayi abavamile be-sulfide. Udayi uhlanzekile kakhulu, izinga lokunciphisa elizinzile kanye nokuvuleka okuhle. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-ejenti yokunciphisa i-glucose kanye ne-inshuwalense powder isetshenziswa ebhavini lodayi, okungeke nje kuphela kunciphise udayi we-sulfide kodwa futhi kudlala indima ekuvikelweni kwemvelo.
Okwesine, inqubo yokudaya amadayi e-sulfide
Inqubo yokudaya nge-vulcanization ingahlukaniswa ngezinyathelo ezine ezilandelayo:
1. Ukunciphisa udayi
Kulula kakhulu ukunciphisa nokuncibilikisa amadayi e-sulfide, futhi i-sodium sulfide ivame ukusetshenziswa njenge-reducing agent, esebenza njenge-alkali agent. Ukuze kuvinjelwe i-leucophore ukuthi ingafakwa i-hydrolyzed, izinto ezifana ne-soda ash zingangezwa ngendlela efanele, kodwa i-reducing bath alkaline ayikwazi ukuba namandla kakhulu, ngaphandle kwalokho izinga lokunciphisa udayi lizohamba kancane.
2, udayi osesixazululweni sodayi umuncwa yifayibha
I-leucophore yedayi ye-sulfide ikhona esimweni se-anion kusisombululo sedayi, inezakhiwo eziqondile ku-fiber ye-cellulose, ingamuncwa ebusweni be-fiber bese isakazeka ngaphakathi kwe-fiber. Impahla eqondile yamadayi e-sulfur kuma-fiber e-cellulose iphansi, ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa isilinganiso esincane sokugeza, ngenkathi kungezwa ama-electrolyte afanele, ekushiseni okuphezulu kungathuthukisa izinga lokudaya, ukulinganisa kanye nokungena kwamanzi.
3, ukwelashwa nge-oxidation
Ngemva kokudaya ifayibha, idayi yesibabule i-leuco kumele i-oxidized ukuze ibonise umbala owufunayo. Uku-oxidation kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ngemva kokudaya amadayi a-vulcanized. Idayi e-vulcanized e-oxidized kalula inga-oxidized ngomoya ngemva kokudaya ngokuwasha nokungenisa umoya, okungukuthi, indlela yoku-oxidation emoyeni; Kwamanye amadayi e-sulfide angelula ukuwa-oxidized, ama-oxidizing agents asetshenziswa ukukhuthaza uku-oxidation.
4. Ngemuva kokucutshungulwa
Ngemva kokwelashwa kuhlanganisa ukuhlanza, ukufaka uwoyela, ukuvimbela ukuqhekeka kanye nokulungisa umbala. Amadayi esibabule kumele agezwe ngokuphelele ngemva kokudaywa ukuze kuncishiswe isibabule esisele endwangu futhi kuvinjelwe ukuqhekeka kwendwangu, ngoba isibabule esidayini kanye nesibabule esikuyi-alkali sulfide kulula uku-oxidation emoyeni ukuze kukhiqizwe i-sulfuric acid, okuzobangela i-acid hydrolysis ye-cellulose fiber futhi kuncishiswe amandla okuqhekeka kwefayibha. Ngakho-ke, ingelashwa ngama-anti-brittleness loss agents, njenge: urea, trisodium phosphate, bone glue, sodium acetate, njll. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-solarization kanye ne-soaping fast yamadayi avulcanized, umbala ungalungiswa ngemva kokudaywa. Kunezindlela ezimbili zokwelapha zokulungisa umbala: ukwelashwa ngosawoti wensimbi (njenge: i-potassium dichromate, i-copper sulfate, i-copper acetate kanye nengxube yalawa sawoti) kanye nokwelashwa kwe-cationic color fixing agent.
Okumnyama kanye noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okuvundisiwe yizona ezisetshenziswa kakhulu.
Okwesibili, indlela yokudaya yamadayi e-sulfide
Idayi ye-sulfide iyancishiswa bese incibilikiswa ibe yisisombululo sedayi, bese idayi i-leucochroma eyakhiwe imuncwa yizintambo ze-cellulose futhi iphathwe nge-oxidation yomoya ukuze izintambo ze-cellulose zibonise umbala owufunayo. Ifomula yayo yokusabela kwamakhemikhali iyi
I-DS-SO3Na + Na2S→D-SNa + Na2S2O3
Umbala we-sulfide awunawo amandla okuhambisana nefayibha, futhi isakhiwo sawo siqukethe izibopho zesulfure (1 S 1), izibopho ze-disulfide (1 s — S) noma izibopho ze-polysulfide (1 Sx 1), ezincishiswa zibe yiqembu le-hydrogen sulfide (1 SNa) ngaphansi kwesenzo sezinto ezinciphisa i-sodium sulfide, futhi zibe usawoti we-sodium we-leucochromic oncibilikayo emanzini. Isizathu sokuthi ama-leucochromes abe namandla okuhambisana kahle nezintambo ze-cellulose ukuthi ama-molecule edayi makhulu, okukhiqiza amandla amakhulu e-van der Waals kanye namandla okuhlanganisa i-hydrogen phakathi kwezintambo.
Iii. Ukuhlukaniswa kwamadayi esibabule
Amadayi e-sulfide angahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezine:
1, udayi we-powder sulfide
Ifomula ejwayelekile yesakhiwo sedayi: DSSD, ngokuvamile kudingeka kusetshenziswe ukubilisa i-sodium sulfide, kuncibilikiswe ngemva kokusetshenziswa.
2, amadayi e-hydrolytic sulfide
Ifomula ejwayelekile yesakhiwo sedayi: D-SSO3Na, lolu hlobo lwedayi lwenziwe nge-sodium sulfite noma i-sodium bisulfite yokwelashwa kwamadayi e-sulfide yendabuko, amadayi aqukethe amaqembu ancibilika emanzini, ngakho-ke ancibilika emanzini, kodwa idayi ayinazo izinto zokunciphisa, ayinayo i-affinity yemicu, ngokuvamile isetshenziswa njengendlela yokudaya iphedi yokumiswa esetshenziswa endwangu.3, idayi ye-sulfide ewuketshezi
Ifomula evamile yesakhiwo sedayi yile: D-SNa, equkethe inani elithile le-ejenti yokunciphisa, idayi incishiswa kusengaphambili ibe yi-leptochroma encibilikayo.
Ngaphambi kuka-1936, udayi oxutshwe ne-vulcanized wawusesimweni sempuphu njengohlobo lwawo lokuhweba. Lapho usetshenziswa, udayi oxutshwe ne-vulcanized wempuphu wawufudunyezwa ukuze ubiliswe ngesisombululo samanzi esixutshwe ne-vulcanized, i-soda aqueous ukuze uncibilike. Ngo-1936, uJohn Le Clester wase-United States wenza isisombululo esihlanganisiwe se-sulfide dye esihle nesizinzile, futhi wathola ilungelo lobunikazi, manje elaziwa ngokuthi udayi we-sulfide owuketshezi.
4, udayi we-sulfide onobungani nemvelo
Enqubweni yokukhiqiza, ihlungwa ibe yizicucu zodayi, kodwa okuqukethwe kwesulfure kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-polysulfide kuphansi kakhulu kunokwadayi abavamile be-sulfide. Udayi uhlanzekile kakhulu, izinga lokunciphisa elizinzile kanye nokuvuleka okuhle. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-ejenti yokunciphisa i-glucose kanye ne-inshuwalense powder isetshenziswa ebhavini lodayi, okungeke nje kuphela kunciphise udayi we-sulfide kodwa futhi kudlala indima ekuvikelweni kwemvelo.
Okwesine, inqubo yokudaya amadayi e-sulfide
Inqubo yokudaya nge-vulcanization ingahlukaniswa ngezinyathelo ezine ezilandelayo:
1. Ukunciphisa udayi
Kulula kakhulu ukunciphisa nokuncibilikisa amadayi e-sulfide, futhi i-sodium sulfide ivame ukusetshenziswa njenge-reducing agent, esebenza njenge-alkali agent. Ukuze kuvinjelwe i-leucophore ukuthi ingafakwa i-hydrolyzed, izinto ezifana ne-soda ash zingangezwa ngendlela efanele, kodwa i-reducing bath alkaline ayikwazi ukuba namandla kakhulu, ngaphandle kwalokho izinga lokunciphisa udayi lizohamba kancane.
2, udayi osesixazululweni sodayi umuncwa yifayibha
I-leucophore yedayi ye-sulfide ikhona esimweni se-anion kusisombululo sedayi, inezakhiwo eziqondile ku-fiber ye-cellulose, ingamuncwa ebusweni be-fiber bese isakazeka ngaphakathi kwe-fiber. Impahla eqondile yamadayi e-sulfur kuma-fiber e-cellulose iphansi, ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa isilinganiso esincane sokugeza, ngenkathi kungezwa ama-electrolyte afanele, ekushiseni okuphezulu kungathuthukisa izinga lokudaya, ukulinganisa kanye nokungena kwamanzi.
3, ukwelashwa nge-oxidation
Ngemva kokudaya ifayibha, idayi yesibabule i-leuco kumele i-oxidized ukuze ibonise umbala owufunayo. Uku-oxidation kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ngemva kokudaya amadayi a-vulcanized. Idayi e-vulcanized e-oxidized kalula inga-oxidized ngomoya ngemva kokudaya ngokuwasha nokungenisa umoya, okungukuthi, indlela yoku-oxidation emoyeni; Kwamanye amadayi e-sulfide angelula ukuwa-oxidized, ama-oxidizing agents asetshenziswa ukukhuthaza uku-oxidation.
4. Ngemuva kokucutshungulwa
Ngemva kokwelashwa kuhlanganisa ukuhlanza, ukufaka uwoyela, ukuvimbela ukuqhekeka kanye nokulungisa umbala. Amadayi esibabule kumele agezwe ngokuphelele ngemva kokudaywa ukuze kuncishiswe isibabule esisele endwangu futhi kuvinjelwe ukuqhekeka kwendwangu, ngoba isibabule esidayini kanye nesibabule esikuyi-alkali sulfide kulula uku-oxidation emoyeni ukuze kukhiqizwe i-sulfuric acid, okuzobangela i-acid hydrolysis ye-cellulose fiber futhi kuncishiswe amandla okuqhekeka kwefayibha. Ngakho-ke, ingelashwa ngama-anti-brittleness loss agents, njenge: urea, trisodium phosphate, bone glue, sodium acetate, njll. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-solarization kanye ne-soaping fast yamadayi avulcanized, umbala ungalungiswa ngemva kokudaywa. Kunezindlela ezimbili zokwelapha zokulungisa umbala: ukwelashwa ngosawoti wensimbi (njenge: i-potassium dichromate, i-copper sulfate, i-copper acetate kanye nengxube yalawa sawoti) kanye nokwelashwa kwe-cationic color fixing agent.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 19-2023